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WHC Resources

Educational - Cultural
Websites

Haiku History - Online Essays, Articles, Lessons, Interviews, Etc.

(these pages in-progress)

 

Essays & Articles - Haiku: Educational

Audio: Recorded Interviews and Articles

button-haiku-chop Takiguchi, Susumu  &  Bender, Debi Charnwood Arts (Cuttlefish Radio) Interview on Haiku: In conversation with Paul T. Conneally, September 2001 (interview, 11 mins, mp3) http://www.cuttlefish.com/radio/

Development & History of Haiku (and Literature)

button-haiku-chop Fleitas, Carlos Issa y Basho o las dos caras del Samsara

button-haiku-chop Gundert, Wilhelm, 1880-1971 (Dughal Lindsay's Universe) on reading haiku (from The History of Japanese Literature)

button-haiku-chop Jackson, Earl Jr. History of Japanese Literature; an overview

button-haiku-chop Jewell, Mark Haikai Poetry (Waseda University)

button-haiku-chop Lindsay, Dhugal J. Kanrai - Midwinter Thunder

button-haiku-chop Matsuyama Declaration Matsuyama - The Place (Shiki Organization, Ehime Cultural Foundation)

button-haiku-chop Messoten, Bart Acceptance Speech Masaoka Shiki Awards (Shiki Organization, Ehime Cultural Foundation)

button-haiku-chop van den Heuval, Cor On Western Haiku (Literary Kicks)

button-haiku-chop Virtual Museum of Japanese Arts Haiku Overview

button-haiku-chop Yoko Sugawa (President of "Fuyoh") After Basho,Buson & Issa: The development of modern haiku in Japan (Shiki Internet Salon)

Yotsuya, Ryu History of Haiku 10 haikuists and their works
From Basho to Koi
(Mushimegane)

 

Multiculturalism, Internet & Globalization of Haiku:

button-haiku-chop Beer, Lidonna Contemporary German Haiku: a Reader Response Study Global Haiku Tradition Millikin University, Spring 2001 - Randy Brooks)

button-haiku-chop Brooks, Randy Teaching Haiku in Higher Education: An Immersion into the Living Tradition - The Case of Millikin University  (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Ekuni Shigreru Haiku vs. Haiku (a Japanese view of Western haiku)
Dhugal J. Lindsay on Haiku vs. Haiku
(Dhugal Lindsay's Universe)

button-haiku-chop Foley, Jack Cor Van Den Heuvel, The Haiku Anthology: Haiku & Senryu in English, W.W.Norton & Co., a book review (The Alsop Review)

button-haiku-chop Higginson, Wm. J. The Webolution of Haiku (hasee)

button-haiku-chopKoganei, Yauomi On a Möbius Strip’s Rims (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Masaoka Shiki Int. Haiku Awards The Poetics of Haiku - The Prospect of Haiku in the 21st Century Kawamoto Koji, Murakami Mamoru, Saito Shinji, Kido Shuri, Tsukushi Bansei (Shiki Organization, Ehime Cultural Foundation)

The Poetics of Haiku - The Prospect of Haiku in the 21st Century(Supplement to Workshop Venue 1, at the International Haiku Convention)

button-haiku-chop Matsuyama Declaration Let's Give Poetry Back to the People...A World Poetry Revolution in the 21st Century (Shiki Organization, Ehime Cultural Foundation)

button-haiku-chop Matsuyama Declaration The Spread of Haiku Throughout the World (Shiki Organization, Ehime Cultural Foundation)

button-haiku-chop Matsuyama Declaration Trends Toward Internationalization, Universalization and Localization of Haiku (Shiki Organization, Ehime Cultural Foundation)

button-haiku-chop Matsuyama Declaration Why Did Haiku Spread Throughout the World? The Heart of Haiku (Shiki Organization, Ehime Cultural Foundation)

button-haiku-chop Matsuyama Declaration The Matsuyama Message 2000 - Supplement to the Mastuyama Declaration  (Shiki Organization, Ehime Cultural Foundation)

button-haiku-chop Missias, A.C. Contemporary Haiku: Origins and New Directions (Perihelion)

button-haiku-chop Paijin, Dusan Globalization and Haiku: Ecstasy of the Moment and the Depth of Time (hasee)

button-haiku-chop Paijin, Dusan Multiculturalism of World Haiku - Cross-Cultural and Personal Meaning, Paper given at the World Haiku Festival 2000. (hasee)

button-haiku-chop Shirane Haruo, Prof. Haiku East and West: Bashô and Cultural Memory (Columbia University - Columbia East Asian Review '99)

button-haiku-chop Swede, George Haiku in English in North America (Haiku Canada)

button-haiku-chop Takiguchi, Susumu Can the Spirit of Haiku be Translated? WHF2000 Festival Conference paper based on the talk given at an academic conference, the Study Day 'Traduire la contrainte'  St. Hugh College, Oxford, 19th June 1999. (hasee)

button-haiku-chop Takiguchi, Susumu Haiku: A Living Thing (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Takiguchi, Susumu Haiku as a World Phenomenon (hasee)

button-haiku-chop Takiguchi, Susumu The Internet Culture and Haiku (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Takiguchi, Susumu Is Western Haiku a Second Rate Art? (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Takiguchi, Susumu “Tohi-bungaku”(escapist literature) versus “Shin-bungaku”(real literature) (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Usher, Rod The Magnificent Seventeen (Time, Europe)

button-haiku-chop van den Heuvel, Cor On Western Haiku (Literary Kicks)

button-haiku-chop Verhart, Max Haiku in the Netherlands and Flanders (hasee)

button-haiku-chop Warner, Gary Shiki HNA Report: "Traces of Dreams" - basic concepts from Dr. Haruo Shirane's lecture given at Haiku North America, "East Looking West" (Shiki Internet Salon list archives)

button-haiku-chop Welch, Michael Dylan Publication on the Shiki Mailing list and other Internet sites... (Sangeet's Haiku & Poetry Corner)

button-haiku-chop Reichhold, Jane Those Women Writing Haiku (Aha!Poetry)

button-haiku-chop Weightman, Julie Why Teach Haiku in Elementary School? (Global Haiku Tradition Millikin University, Spring 2001 - Randy Brooks)


Translating Haiku

button-haiku-chop Carley, John E. Lost in Translation (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Gallimore, Daniel ‘dew on the grass’ : translating the masters,
sound, image, logic: an approach to haiku translation
(World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Lanoue, David Gerard Confessions of A Translator #1 (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Lanoue, David Gerard To Comment or Not to Comment #2 (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Lanoue, David Gerard A Little Help From My Friends #3 (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Lanoue, David Gerard From Translation to Creation #4 (World Haiku Review)

 

Defining Haiku

button-haiku-chop Andreyev, Alexeyev  The Definition of Haiku (Russian Haiku)

Carley, John E. A Literary Invention: Haiku in the English Language (Nightingale) PDF

button-haiku-chop Davidson, L.A. Haiku is What? (Dhugal Lindsay's Universe)

button-haiku-chop Clausen, Tom A Haiku Way of Life (Poetry in the Light)

button-haiku-chop Dupont, Lonnie Hull  What Makes a Haiku? (The Haiku Box) Exerpts from Footprints in the Snow

button-haiku-chop Goring, Richard Haiku & Tanka

button-haiku-chop Goring, Richard Just These Few Stones, Haiku, Senryu and Tanka

button-haiku-chop Harr, Lorraine Ellis The Isn't' of Haiku (Moments)

button-haiku-chop Hotham, Gary Breath Marks Canyon Press

button-haiku-chop Meister, Z Haiku, Theory and Poems (Aardvark)

button-haiku-chop Mena, Paul David It Isn't Microwave Poetry (Haiku in Low Places)

button-haiku-chop Reichhold, Jane * Another Attempt to Define Haiku (Aha!Poetry)

button-haiku-chop Reichhold, Jane Apples, Apples & Haiku (a story about senryu) (Aha!Poetry)

button-haiku-chop Spiess, Robert Speculations (Haiku in Low Places)

button-haiku-chop St Jacques, Elizabeth Haiku or Senryu? How to Tell the Difference (Poetry in the Light)

button-haiku-chop Swede, George Toward a Definition of English Language Haiku (Epiphinous)

button-haiku-chop Takahashi Nobuyuki & Ludwig, Horst What is Haiku - Notes for New Haiku Writers in Western Countries

button-haiku-chop Takiguchi, Susumu An Old Argument and A New Frontier of Haiku:
"Is Haiku Poetry?"
(World Haiku Review)

 

Season Words: To Kigo or Not to Kigo...

button-haiku-chop Beck/Kametaro Yagi The Importance of Season Words (Shiki Internet Salon)

button-haiku-chop Beck/Kametaro Yagi More on Season Words (Shiki Internet Salon)

button-haiku-chop Bostok, Janice Seasonal Words (Haiku Oz)

button-haiku-chop Garrison, Denis Haiku Cycles - a magazine project networked with the World Haiku Club to explore international kigo (denisgarrison.com)

button-haiku-chop Gilli, Ferris Seasoning Your Haiku (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Higginson, William J. To Propose an Addition to a New Season Word Guide (Renku)

button-haiku-chop Higginson, William J. Why the "Part" of the Season is Important (Renku)

button-haiku-chop Jackson, Earl Jr. Kigo/Season Words (Another Scene) 2 pages

button-haiku-chop Kacian, Jim Beyond Kigo: Haiku in the Next Millenium (hasee)

button-haiku-chopKevern, Alain The Haiku and the Poetry Almanac: can this formula be transposed elsewhere? (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Larson, Kim The Seasons in Japanese Waka (Kenyon University)

button-haiku-chop Lindsay, Dhugal J. Season Words (kigo) (Dhugal Lindsay's Universe)

button-haiku-chop Lindsay, Dhugal J. Season Words - their use in modern Japan and a proposition (Dhugal Lindsay's Universe)

button-haiku-chop Matsayuma Declaration The Problems of Teikei (fixed form) and Kigo (season words) (Shiki Organization, Ehime Culture Foundation)

button-haiku-chopTakiguchi, Susumu Nature in Haiku - What Nature? (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Tome, Serge Season Words (temps libre/free times)


Kigo/Saijiki

button-haiku-chopKageyama(Fujimoto) Noriko A Collection of Season Words (some words from The Five Hundred Essential Japanese Season Words) (in Japanese and English)

button-haiku-chop Mabesoon, Rédaction Seegan Index alphabétique des mots de saison (climats tempérés) (in French only)

button-haiku-chop Reichhold, Jane A Dictionary of Haiku: Classified by Season Words with Traditional and Modern Methods (Aha!Poetry)

button-haiku-chop Shiki Internet Salon Kiyose - Collection of season words in Japan

button-haiku-chop Yamamoto Kenkichi The Five Hundred Essential Japanese Season Words Selected by Kenkichi Yamamoto Translated by Kris Young Kondo and William J. Higginson. Edited for Renku Home with added information on the seasonal system by William J. Higginson(Renku)

button-haiku-chop Yuki Teikei Society The Yuki Teikei Season Word List

 

Form in Haiku

button-haiku-chop Bird, John Form in Oz Haiku (Haiku Oz)

button-haiku-chop Carley, John E. ZIP: Form, Freedom and Phonics An alternative approach to the Haiku in English (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Cheng, Alan (rèi fú) An Introduction to Haiku

button-haiku-chop Codrescu, Ian Rules of Form and Freedom of Spirit in Haiku (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Garrison, Denis Crystallines, A Contemporary Haiku Analogue
for English Language
(World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Gilbert, Richard and Yoneoka, Judy From 5-7-5 to 8-8-8: An Investigation of Japanese Haiku Metrics and Implications for English Haiku

button-haiku-chopGilbert, Richard Stalking the Wild Onji: The Search for Current Linguistic Terms Used in Japanese Poetry Circles

button-haiku-chop Imaoka, Keiko Forms in English Haiku (Aha!Poetry)

button-haiku-chop Lindsay, Dhugal J. Form and Subjectivity; a Dialogue (Dhugal Lindsay's Universe)

button-haiku-chop Lindsay, Dhugal J. Form in Haiku; aesthetics and form (Dhugal Lindsay's Universe)

button-haiku-chop Neapolitan, Adria  To Space or Not to Space: an In-Depth Comparison of Spacing and Form in Haiku (Millikin University; Global Haiku Tradition Millikin University, Spring 2001 - Randy Brooks)

Peavine haiku : cutting words

button-haiku-chop Sato, Hiroshi  Forms Transformed: Japanese Verse in English Translation - Translating Asian Poetry: A Symposium (University of Hawaii Press)

button-haiku-chop Shimpei, Yamashita On Form and Season (Dhugal Lindsay's Universe)

button-haiku-chop Verhart, Max The Many Shapes of the Scarecrow (hasee)

 

Content in Haiku: Aesthetics & Philosophy

button-haiku-chop Boryca, Kristin What Do You Feel? A Study of Aesthetic Response in Haiku Global Haiku Tradition Millikin University, Spring 2000 (Randy Brooks; Millikin University)

button-haiku-chop Brady, Peter The Other Side of the Coin: Haiku and the Harsh Realities (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Brooks, Randy The Universality of Now

button-haiku-chop Fleitas, Carlos Haiku: A new Paideia

button-haiku-chop Fleitas, Carlos Haiku: A state of receptiveness

button-haiku-chop Fleitas, Carlos Haiku: lightning on a clear sky

button-haiku-chop Fleitas, Carlos Haiku: The path of sensibility

button-haiku-chop Fleitas, Carlos Haiku: The smile of the cicada

button-haiku-chop Jones, Bob Karumi (Haiku Oz)

button-haiku-chop Hackett, James W. "A Personal Conclusion"  from "That Art Thou: A Way of Haiku" (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Hackett, James W. The Haiku Moment (Moments)

button-haiku-chop Kevern, Alain Toward a New Perception of Reality (hasee)

button-haiku-chop Koganei, Yasuomi Seeking a Four-Dimensional Haiku (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Masenet, Jesus El Haiku Urbano (Spanish version; World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Masenet, Jesus The Urban Haiku (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop McNeil, Paul Polemics in Haiku – a short essay (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop McNeil, Paul Some Philosophy and Personal Notes on Haiku (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Noyes, H.F. Sabi in Haiku (Poetry in the Light)

button-haiku-chop Noyes, H.F. Haiku: Part I- Naturalness, Part II, Emptiness (Poetry in the Light)

button-haiku-chop Reichhold, Jane Something Fishy About Haiku (Aha!Poetry)

button-haiku-chop Ross, Bruce Sincerity and the Future of Haiku (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Saga, Hiroo Poetry as an open space for lightness of Being (Yosa Buson and His Followers: Haiku & Painting, translated from Japanese text in "Shigaku", August, 1994, pp.24-25.

button-haiku-chop Shirane, Haruo Prof. Beyond the Haiku Moment, Basho, Buson and Modern Haiku myths (Haiku in Low Places)

button-haiku-chop Swede, George Toward an Aesthetic for English-Language Haiku (Epiphinous)

Takiguchi, Susumu A Haiku Moment of Truth (World Haiku Review)

Takiguchi, Susumu Aha! Just a Moment, Please (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Tasker, Brian Staying With the Moment - Our Western Haiku Tradition (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Theiler, Esther More Thoughts About Karumi (Haiku Oz)

 

  Style & Content in Haiku: Technique

button-haiku-chop Bird,John The Ku Factory (Haiku Oz)

button-haiku-chop Fleitas, Carlos Musicality in Haiku written in Spanish: a Platonism?

button-haiku-chop Gallagher, Patrick Tradition in Haiku (Yuki Teikei Society)

button-haiku-chop Gamble, Mary Comparing Nature in Haiku: Kobayashi Issa vs. Gary Hotham Global Haiku Tradition Millikin University, Spring 2001 - Randy Brooks)

button-haiku-chop Gilbert, Richard Universalism vs. Particularism in International Haiku (hasee)

button-haiku-chop Gilli, Ferris Focus in Haiku / Truth in Haiku

button-haiku-chop Gilli, Ferris Juxtaposition in Haiku

button-haiku-chop Gilli, Ferris Allusion in Haiku

button-haiku-chop Gilli, Ferris Verbless Haiku: OK or No-No?

button-haiku-chop Hadman, Ty The Power of a Single Word (Haiku Oz)

button-haiku-chop Hass, Robert Robert Hass on Haiku (Modern American Poetry)

button-haiku-chop Kacian, Jim Tapping the Common Well (hasee)

button-haiku-chop Lallibert-Carey Lori & Ferris Gilli An e-mail conversation on juxtaposition (Pinecone)

button-haiku-chop Lindsay, Dhugal J. Metaphysical Haiku (Dhugal Lindsay's Universe)

button-haiku-chop Lindsay, Dhugal J. On Attending the Chichibu Workshop (Dhugal Lindsay's Universe)

button-haiku-chop Lyles, Peggy Willis Regarding Poetry: the Shape of the Song (WHReview)

button-haiku-chop Matsuyama Declaration The "Shadows" and "Echoes" in the Works of the Leading Poets of the World (Shiki Organization, Ehime Culture Foundation)

button-haiku-chop Otsuji Imagination vs Experience, a comment by Otsuji (Dhugal Lindsay's Universe)

button-haiku-chop Reichhold, Jane  Fragment and Phrase Theory (Aha!Poetry)

button-haiku-chop Reichhold, Jane Haiku Rules That Have Come & Gone (Aha!Poetry)

button-haiku-chop Reichhold, Jane Haiku Techinques (Aha!Poetry)

button-haiku-chop Reichhold, Jane Is It Haiku? (Haiku Poet's Hut)

button-haiku-chop Reichhold, Jane Metaphor in Basho's Haiku (Aha!Poetry)

button-haiku-chop Reichhold, Jane Some Thoughts for Rethinking Haiku (Aha!Poetry)

button-haiku-chop St Jacques, Elizabeth Haiku Titles? (Poetry in the Light)

button-haiku-chop St Jacques, Elizabeth Rhythm in Haiku? (Poetry in the Light)

button-haiku-chop Stovich, Raymond Six Approaches to Haiku, A Developmental Schema (Shiki Salon postings/Modern Haiku, Spring 1989

button-haiku-chop Strand, Clark Three Methods of Composing Haiku (Shiki Salon postings)

button-haiku-chop Takiguchi, Susumu On Toriawase (Juxtaposition) (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Tanaka, Kimiyo The Pleasure of Haiku (Shiki Salon)

button-haiku-chop Yoko Sugawa, Yoko On Making Haiku (Shiki Salon)

button-haiku-chop Verhart, Max Haiku About Almost Nothing (New Hope International)

button-haiku-chop Verhart, Max What You Say is What You Are (hasee)

button-haiku-chop Vilen, Florence Repetition - for meaning and melody (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chopVilen, Florence Two Sides of the Same Petal (cliche in haiku) (World Haiku Review)

Haiku Lessons,  Instruction, Helps & Advice

button-haiku-chop Adams, Phil Hints How to Write Haiku (A Haiku Homepage)

button-haiku-chop Brooks, Mark The Unofficial Newcomer's Guide to Haiku Mailing Lists (Epiphinous)

button-haiku-chop Coomler, David More Haiku Rules (Moments)

button-haiku-chop Cobb, Kathy Lippard Haiku & Senryu Poetry (Shadow Poetry)

button-haiku-chop Donegan, Patricia & Sato Kazuo *A Guide for Teaching Haiku (Japan Airlines Foundation - JAL)

button-haiku-chop England, Gerald How to Write Haiku (The Art of Haiku 2000)

button-haiku-chop Hackett, James W. Suggestions for Creating Haiku Poetry in English (revised version)

button-haiku-chop HaikuOz Getting Started With Haiku (The Haiku Society of Australia)

button-haiku-chop Gilli, Ferris Nature Exercise (World Haiku Review)

button-haiku-chop Inahata Teiko Invitation to Haiku translated by Inaoka Michiko & Inaoka Tadayuki Supervised by Robert E. Garrity (Kyosihi Museum site)

button-haiku-chop Leake, April Composing Haiku

button-haiku-chop Lindsay, Dhugal J. Haiku-kai: Haiku Workshops (Dhugal Lindsay's Universe)

button-haiku-chop Marsh, George In the Moonlight a Worm Waning Moon Press
Online lessons in haiku for teachers of haiku and student self-study: "Basho's Spirit" and "Show, Don't Tell"

button-haiku-chop Reichhold, Jane I am Delight by Haiku: (temps libre/free times)

button-haiku-chop Russel, Timothy Timothy Russel Haiku Exercise (Shachihoko)

button-haiku-chop Sheirer, John Guidelines for Introducing Haiku to Curious Adults (Moments)

button-haiku-chop Shuuson, Katoh Making Haiku (Dughal Lindsay's Universe)

button-haiku-chop St Jacques, Elizabeth Haiku Tips for Beginners (Poetry in the Light)

button-haiku-chop St Jacques Elizabeth Looking at Haiku (Poetry in the Light)

button-haiku-chop Takiguchi, Susumu Traditional Japanese Haiku School  (World Haiku Review/WHCschools)

  • Lesson 1: Japanese Kukai Style

  • Lesson 2-1: Kukai/Cold

  • Lesson 2-3: Kukai/Cold con't: Borrowing Japanese kigo
    "Fuga-no-makoto"

  • Lesson 3: advent/arrival of spring/Protocol How Haiku is Composed in Japan in Practice

  • Lesson 4: Guidelines - How to Compose Haiku

  • Lesson 4: Guidelines - How to Compose Haiku Selections for Commentary

  • Some Japanese Poetic Terms Explained

  • On Toriawase (Juxtaposition)

button-haiku-chop Tomiyasu, Tei Greig How to Write Haiku  (Haiku for People site)

 

Anthologies

button-haiku-chop Duhaime, Andre H A Ï K U sans frontières une anthologie mondialeanthological website. In French with various haiku and essays in their original languages with French translations.

button-haiku-chop Bird, John The First Australian Haiku Anthology compiled by John Bird of HaikuOz

Japanese Literature

button-haiku-chop Jackson, Earl Jr. History of Japanese Literature; an overview

button-haiku-chop Jewell, Mark The Japanese Literature Homepage (Waseda University)



Glossaries

button-haiku-chop Brinks, Tom Tom Brinks' "Haiku Definitions" (Sci-fi Ku)

button-haiku-chop Vasiliev, Vladimir Japanese Poetry Terms Glossary (in English at the Russian Haiku website)

button-haiku-chop Sennin Foundation, Michi Online: Glossary of Japanese Art Terms

Japanese Language

button-haiku-chop Irrashai (Satellite T.V. Japanese Language Lessons)
Georgia Public Broadcasting (GPB) (website)

"Combining the best in satellite TV instruction, web/multimedia, and telephone interaction, Georgia Public Broadcasting (GPB) set a new standard in distance learning when it launched Irasshai in 1996. GPB now offers the Irasshai course (Japanese I and II) to PBS-affiliates nationwide. Irasshai is designed to meet the needs of high schools, colleges and business. Yet anyone anywhere in North America with access to a TV, a satellite dish and a telephone is invited to participate."

button-haiku-chop Schonfeld, Alexander Manifestations of Gender Distinction in the Japanese Language (essay)

button-haiku-chop Sterzinger, Blake Edward The Japanese Writing Tutor - a site "meant to help students of Japanese practice their writing skills. By following along with the motion of several animated GIF files, you can hone your writing skills, making your katakana, hiragana, and kanji more legible."

 

Online Translation Tools, Dictionaries, Thesaurus

 Alis "Gist-in-Time" Online Translation Tool

 AltaVista, Systran, "Babel Fish" Online Translation Tool

 WordLingo Online Translation Tool

button-haiku-chop

 Jeffrey's Online Japanese-English Dictionary-Server
 
(translate romaji or kanji to English & visa versa)

 Jim Breen's Japanese Page

 Pacific Software Co. Free Online Bidirectional Dictionary

button-haiku-chop

 Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (English)

 yourDictionary.com (Language Dictionaries)

 

Return to Resources Index page

 

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